ABSTRACT
This study aims at reporting the indigenous knowledge of the medicinal flora from the inhabitants of surroundings of the World's largest artificial planted forest "Changa Manga", Pakistan. Data were collected by direct interviews and group meetings from 81 inhabitants including 32 local healers having information regarding the use of indigenous medicinal plants over a period of one year. Different statistical tools were applied to analyze the data including Frequency citation (FC), Relative frequency citation (RFC), Use Value, Factor of informants consensus and fidelity level. This study reported 73 plant species belonging to 37 plant families and 46 genera. The majority of plant species belong to compositae family. The most commonly used medicinal plants were P. hysterophorus L., P. dactylifera L., S. indicum L, P. harmala L., P. emblica L., and A. indica A.Juss. The greatest number of species was used to cure gastrointestinal disorders. The highest fidelity level (68.18%) was of E. helioscopia to cure gastrointestinal disorders. Maximum fresh uses (17) were reported by C. dactylon (L.) Pars. While the highest number of species reporting fresh uses in similar number was 13. In this study, five novel plants are being reported for the first time in Pakistan for their ethnomedicinal worth. Our data reflect unique usage of the medicinal plants in the study area. The statistical tools used in the study proved useful in pointing the most important and disease category specific plants. High use value plant and the new reported medicinal plants might prove an important source of the isolation of pharmacologically active compounds.
Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar o conhecimento indígena sobre a flora medicinal dos habitantes do entorno da maior floresta artificial plantada do mundo, a Changa Manga, no Paquistão. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas diretas e reuniões em grupo de 81 habitantes, incluindo 32 curandeiros locais, com informações sobre o uso de plantas medicinais indígenas durante o período de um ano. Diferentes ferramentas estatísticas foram aplicadas para analisar os dados, incluindo citação de frequência (FC), citação de frequência relativa (RFC), valor de uso, fator de consenso dos informantes e nível de fidelidade. Este estudo relatou 73 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 37 famílias de plantas e 46 gêneros. A maioria das espécies de plantas pertence à família Compositae. As plantas medicinais mais utilizadas foram P. hysterophorus L., P. dactylifera L., S. indicum L., P. harmala L., P. emblica L. e A. indica A. Juss. O maior número de espécies foi usado para curar distúrbios gastrointestinais. O maior nível de fidelidade (68,18%) foi de E. helioscopia para cura de distúrbios gastrointestinais. Os usos máximos em fresco (17) foram relatados por C. dactylon (L.) Pars. enquanto o maior número de espécies relatando usos frescos em número semelhante foi de 13. Neste estudo, cinco novas plantas estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez no Paquistão por seu valor etnomedicinal. Nossos dados refletem o uso exclusivo das plantas medicinais na área de estudo. As ferramentas estatísticas utilizadas no estudo mostraram-se úteis para apontar as plantas mais importantes e específicas da categoria de doença. Plantas de alto valor de uso e as novas plantas medicinais relatadas podem ser uma importante fonte de isolamento de compostos farmacologicamente ativos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Plants, Medicinal , Forests , Gastrointestinal Diseases , Indigenous Peoples , Medicine, Traditional , PakistanABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue sistematizar las especies apropiadas, formas de apropiación y valores de uso asignados a la fauna silvestre en comunidades de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, México, mediante un análisis documental y trabajo de campo. Se registraron 46 especies con valor de uso pertenecientes a 31 familias. La clase con mayor número de especies apropiadas son las aves (42.5%), seguidas de los mamíferos (34%). El 64% de las especies se apropian con fines alimentarios y el 38.3% se utilizan para el tratamiento de enfermedades en la medicina tradicional. Otros usos son adornos, amuletos, elaboración de herramientas y como animal de compañía. La apropiación de fauna silvestre se realiza por medio de la cacería, la recolección y la pesca. Las armas de fuego como la escopeta es el principal instrumento para la cacería. También se utilizan perros, machetes, resorteras, tarrayas, anzuelos, nudos corredizos y se capturan manualmente. La apropiación puede ser una actividad oportunista u organizada por medio de las arreadas, espiadas, lampareadas, campeadas, acorralamiento y recolección manual. La apropiación de fauna silvestre es una actividad culturalmente arraigada en las comunidades de la reserva. Sin embargo, el análisis de la relación sociedad-fauna en la región es limitado, por lo que es necesario generar información que promueva el manejo sostenible del recurso faunístico.
Abstract The aims of this paper were the systematization of appropriated species, appropriation forms and assigned use values of wildlife species in the Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra de Huautla, Mexico, by means of documentary analysis and field work. We recorded 46 species with use value pertaining to 31 families. Birds accounted for the highest number of appropriated species (42.5%), followed by mammals (34%). Of the total species, 64% are appropriated for alimentary purposes and are used in the treatment of diseases in traditional medicine. Others are used as ornaments, talismans, in tool manufacture and as pet animals. Wildlife appropriation is achieved by hunting, collection and fishing. Fire arms such as shotguns are the main instrument used in hunting. Dogs, machetes, slingshots, nets, hooks, slipknots, are also used, or they are captured by hand. Appropriation can be an opportunistic or organized activity by means of "arreadas" (herding), "espiadas" (opportunistic observation), "lampareadas" (spotlighting), "campeadas" (scouring), "acorralamiento" (cornering) and manual collection. Wildlife appropriation is a culturally rooted activity in the reserve communities. Nevertheless, the analysis of the relationship society-fauna in the region is limited and this is why the generation of information that may enable a sustainable management of the faunistic resource is necessary.
ABSTRACT
Culantro de monte (Eryngium foetidum L.) is a biennial herb of tropical origin very frequent in America, Africa and the Caribbean. With the arrival of Europeans in the fifteenth century, it managed to be distributed to various locations in Asia and Europe. The present study was carried out in the San Antonio de Padua community in the Province of Los Ríos - Ecuador to collect information, through interviews with the residents, regarding the nomenclature and uses of this aromatic herb. It was found that 52% of the interviewees mention a nutritional use, especially as a condiment for fish soup, buns and stews, while 26% say they use this plant for medicinal purposes in infusions to cure stomach and joint pain. The variety of metabolites that it possesses, such as eryngial (E-2-Dodecenal), extends its range of applications in modern medicine. We concluded that the transfer of ethnobotanical information still remains in the community, but the young generations are unaware of several of this plant's applications.
El culantro de monte (Eryngium foetidum L.) pertenece a la familia Apiaceae, es una hierba terrestre bienal de origen tropical muy frecuente en América, África y el Caribe, con la llegada de los europeos en el siglo XV, logró distribuirse a varias regiones de Asia y Europa. El presente estudio se realizó en la comunidad San Antonio de Padua en la provincia de Los Ríos Ecuador, tuvo como objetivo recopilar información, mediante entrevistas escritas a los pobladores, referente a la nomenclatura y usos de esta hierba. Se encontró que un 52% de los entrevistados le da un uso culinario para preparar sopas de pescado, sancochos, bollos y estofados, mientras que un 26% dice utilizar esta planta con fines medicinales en infusiones para tratar en el ser humano dolores estomacales y dolores de las articulaciones. La variedad de metabolitos que posee, como el eryngial (E-2-Dodecenal), amplía su rango de aplicaciones en la medicina moderna. Se concluye que el flujo de información etnobotánica se mantiene en la comunidad, pero las nuevas generaciones desconocen las varias aplicaciones que tiene esta especie.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ethnobotany , Eryngium/chemistry , Surveys and Questionnaires , Apiaceae , EcuadorABSTRACT
Abstract This paper presents the first comprehensive report on traditional uses of medicinal shrubs of Rawalakot city, district Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Ethobotanical data obtained from 120 informants were analyzed by relative frequency citation, use value, family use value, informant consensus factor, fidelity level and Jaccard index. In total, 41 shrubs belonging to 24 families and 34 genera were documented. Rosaceae was reported the most dominant family in the area (six species) and Berberidaceae showed maximum family use value (0.68). Leaves (35%) and fruits (33%) were the most commonly used plant parts and most of the medicines were prepared in the form of decoction. The high informant consensus factor value (0.94) was recorded for diabetic disease category. Medicinal plants with high fidelity level values (100% each) were Berberis lycium, Cydonia oblanga, Ricinus communis, Ziziphus jujuba and Nerium oleander. Berberis lycium was the most significant shrub in the area with highest use value (0.68). Relative frequency citation value was maximum for Rubus ellipticus (0.30), Nerium oleander and Indigofera heterantha (0.10 each). Percentage of similar plant uses ranged from 21.05 to 0.62% and dissimilarity percentage ranged from 32.50 to 0.66%. Out of the 41 shrub species, six were reported with new therapeutic uses and may represent new bioresources. These were Debregeasia salicifolia (diabetes), Desmodium elegans (anti-cancerous), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (jaundice), Hypericum oblongifolium (arthritis), Sarcococca saligna (tuberculosis), Rubus niveus (chronic cough) and Otostegia limbata (renal disorders). We suggest that species reported with high use value should be involved in cultivation and agricultural practices for their sustainable use and those reported with new therapeutic uses should be employed in further biotechnological, pharmacological and clinical studies in order to validate their traditional uses.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Medicinal plants play a vital role in the human health care system of tribal communities and in the treatment of various gynecological problems. This study is an effort to document important medicinal flora used for the treatment of gynecological problems by indigenous people living in a tribal region near the Pak-Afghan border. The main objective of the study was to establish a clear profile of indigenous knowledge and practices from the unexplored tribal territory. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and group discussions. The data were analyzed through Use Value and Factor of Informant Consensus. A total of 52 medicinal plants were recorded from the area; the most widely accepted were Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (94 Use Value), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (93 Use Value), Prunus domestica L. (91 Use Value), Myrtus communis L. (91 Use Value), Cannabis sativa L. (91 Use Value) and Nigella sativa L. (90 Use Value). A high consensus factor was recorded for menses-related problems (0.95). The root was the main part used (23% plants), followed by the leaves (20% plants), whole plant (18% plants), fruit (18% plants), and seed (13% plants). A total of 21 plants were used to treat menses-related problems, followed by sexual problems (ten plants), leucorrhea (nine plants), gastric problems (seven plants) and amenorrhea (seven plants). Knowledge related to ethnogynecological treatments is restricted to midwives and traditional healers. In conclusion, the documented flora that is particularly important to medicinal plants may be researched in the future to discover new pharmaceutical, neutraceutical and other pharmacological agents against gynecological complaints.
ABSTRACT
El conocimiento local juega un papel importante en la identificación de especies arbóreas, que contribuyen a la formación de alternativas para sistemas ganaderos, en función a la conservación, la protección del ambiente y la economía de los productores. En la actualidad, se hace necesario conocer alternativas y beneficios para afrontar la variabilidad del clima, que afecta la producción ganadera. Es por ello, que el conocimiento de los productores ganaderos incide sobre la percepción y la toma de decisiones. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la importancia cultural de especies arbóreas en los sistemas ganaderos, por medio del conocimiento local. Se realizaron 57 encuestas, para el desarrollo de la metodología de índice de importancia cultural de las especies arbóreas. Se encontró, que las especies para sombra, son las de mayor preferencia; el segundo uso más frecuente es la implementación de árboles para la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático y, por último, especies de usos agrícolas. Además, se reconoció que las especies con mayor índice de importancia cultural (IIC) e intensidad de uso (IU) fue Zygia longifolia, con 3,21 IIC y 60% IU, respectivamente. Asimismo, se reconoció que el uso de especies para sombra son las de mayor predominancia, con 132 menciones y una diferencia significativa de 24 menciones, para cercas vivas. Este estudio permitió reconocer el conocimiento de los productores sobre el valor y el uso de las especies arbóreas y forrajeras, para determinar las especies con mayor importancia cultural.
Local knowledge plays an important role in the identification of tree species that contribute to the formation of alternatives to livestock systems in terms of conservation, protection of the environment and producers' economies. At present, it is necessary to know alternatives and benefits to face the variability of the climate that affects livestock production. This is why the knowledge of livestock producers affects the perception and decision making. In this sense, the objective was to determine the cultural importance of tree species in livestock systems through local knowledge. 57 surveys were carried out for the development of the methodology of index of cultural importance of the tree species. It was found that the species for shade are the most preferred; the second most frequent use is the implementation of trees for the mitigation and adaptation to the climatic change and last species of agricultural uses. In addition, it was recognized that the species with the highest cultural importance index (CIU) and intensity of use (UI) were Zygia longifolia with 3.21 IIC and 60% IU, respectively. Also, it was recognized that the use of species for shade are the most predominant with 132 mentions and a significant difference of 24 mentions for live fences. This study allowed to recognize the knowledge of the producers on the value and use of the tree species and fodder species to determine the species with greater cultural importance.
ABSTRACT
Ethnobotanical studies involve research with human societies and their different interaction with plants, and the quantitative approaches from thes estudies are important to select conservation priority of species in natural environment. This research aims to quantify use-values for woody plants mentioned by fishers in Itaúnas, state of Espírito Santo, and evaluate the relationship between use- values and species availability (absolute density and frequency, and importance value) in two distinct resting vegetation formations. It also proposes to identify priority species for conservation. It was selected 30 species cited in individual semi-structured interviews with key-informant in fishers' community and who were also on list of structural survey of two vegetation phytophysiognomies in the restinga regions. The data used was collected in previously published work. It was performed a correlation analysis between use-values and structural parameters of the mentioned woody species. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba and Byrsonima sericea present the highest use-values. It was not observed relation between use-value and species availability in each vegetation formation. It was classified two and eight species as priority for conservation on shrubby and forest formations, respectively.
Estudos etnobotânicos envolvem pesquisas com sociedades humanas e suas diferentes interações com as plantas, e abordagens quantitativas deste estudos são importantes para selecionar prioridades de conservação das espécies nos ambientes naturais. Esta pesquisa objetiva quantificar os valores de uso das plantas citadas por pescadores em Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, e avaliar as relações entre os valores de uso a disponibilidade das espécies (densidade e frequência absoluta e valor de importância) em duas formações vegetais distintas de restinga. É também proposto identificar o índice de prioridade de conservação das espécies. Foram selecionadas 30 espécies citadas em entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com informantes-chave na comunidade de pescadores e que também estavam em listas de levantamentos estruturais de duas fitofisionomias vegetais de restinga na região. Os dados utilizados foram coletados em trabalhos previamente publicados. Foi feita a análise de correlação entre os valores de uso e os parâmetros estruturais das espécies lenhosas mencionadas. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba e Byrsonima sericea apresentaram o maior valor de uso. Não foi observado relação entre o valor de uso a disponibilidade das espécies em cada formação vegetal. Foram classificadas duas e oito espécies para prioridade de conservação nas formações arbustivas e florestais respectivamente.
Subject(s)
EthnobotanyABSTRACT
En los Andes centrales de Colombia se documentaron las percepciones y reconocimiento local de aves, mamíferos, anfibios y reptiles. Se entrevistó a campesinos con edad superior a 30 años para situar áreas de hábitat y reconocer especies en usos y coberturas del terreno. El reconocimiento de los agricultores se tradujo por los investigadores-mediadores en la formulación de categorías taxonómicas con visitas a los predios, avistamiento y la ayuda de guías de campo. Se reconocieron 168 especies: 103 de aves, 31 de mamíferos, 17 de anfibios y 17 de reptiles. Cuatro Análisis de Componentes Principales relacionaron la mayor competencia de campesinos para reconocer y percibir aves, mamíferos, anfibios y reptiles con diferencias significativas en los usos del terreno (valor p < 0,01, prueba Monte Carlo); se separaron las especies de aves para uso directo y hábito alimentario; mamíferos para uso directo e indirecto; se agruparon los reptiles con valor de uso comercial, ornamental, artesanal y cacería. Las aves fueron las de mayor presencia en los usos y coberturas del terreno (frutales, 47,5%; platanal/bananal, 45%; cafetales con sombrío, 40%). Se confirmó la necesidad del encuentro con los repertorios culturales locales para potenciar la política pública de conservación de la diversidad biológica y la asociación de la calidad de los hábitats para la fauna silvestre con los estilos de agricultura de la localidad.
To document the perception and recognition of local bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile species, located in the Central Andes of Colombia were selected. Farmers aged 30 years and older were interviewed to identify areas of habitat, species, and land use coverage. The local recognition made by the local farmers was translated by researchers into taxa, complemented with visits to farms, sightseen, and with the help of field guides. Overall, 168 species were documented of which 103 corresponded to birds, 31 to mammals, 17 to amphibians, and 17 to reptiles. The results of four principal component analyses show that the local farmers are capable of recognizing and perception birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles, with significant differences in land uses (p < 0.01, Monte Carlo test). Bird species were grouped according to direct use and eating habits; mammals were grouped according to direct and indirect use; and finally reptiles were grouped according to use as commercial, ornamental, artisanal, and hunting. Birds ranked highest in presence in all land uses and such land covers (fruit trees, 47.5%; plantain and banana plantations, 45%; shade-grown coffee, 40%). The needs for meetings and the acquisition of local cultural repertoires to improve governmental policies regarding biodiversity conservation and to relate wildlife habitat quality with local farming systems was confirmed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Land Use , Perception , Andean Ecosystem , FaunaABSTRACT
This paper reviewed the classification of hemp,distinction between industrial hemp and marijuana hemp,and the use value of industrial hemp.Some research problems and future research trends were also discussed.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the applied of CR system in X-ray photography bedside.Methods X-ray photography bedside was proformed in 900 cases.The imaging quality in excellent,good and poor was evaluated.Results Of 900 cases,the imaging quality was excellent in 780 cases (86.7%),good in 116 cases (12.9%) and poor in 4 cases(0.4%).Conclusion The imaging quality of CR in excellent,to the back processings,it is conveninent in the digital store and longdistance transport.